La Trobe University

ARC National Competitive Grants · FY 2017 · 2017-01

Developing next generation click chemistry. This project aims to develop next generation click chemistry as an enabling synthetic technology for creating functional molecules. Click-philosophy, that 'all searches must be restricted to molecules that are easy to make', is a key requirement for rapid discovery of useful functional materials, medicines and molecular tools. Click linkers make this possible, and the project will develop a new range of asymmetric 3D-Connectors based upon readily available, yet unexplored main group gasses, and will demonstrate their usefulness in several applications including the synthesis of new polymers. The project will also develop the first general asymmetric Click reaction, which will have significant impact in biological applications and materials science. This project will result in the development of new synthetic chemistry technology that will have a global impact, which will add value to the knowledge economy of Australia and contribute skills and training to the next generation of Australian scientists. Field of research: 0305 - Organic Chemistry

ARC National Competitive Grants · FY 2017 · 2017-01

Mechanism and function of dying cell disassembly. This project aims to elucidate the molecular machinery that disassembles dying cells, and the role of this process in cell clearance. Billions of cells in the body die daily as part of normal turnover. Dying cells must be rapidly removed, as their accumulation can interfere with normal tissue functions. To efficiently clear dead cells, dying cells can disassemble into smaller fragments that neighbouring cells engulf. Understanding the mechanistic basis and function of dying cell disassembly is expected to generate knowledge of the downstream consequence of cell death. This breakthrough will be important in many fields of research including cell biology and biochemistry, and generate basic knowledge that can ultimately be applied in medical science to understand or treat pathological conditions associated with cell death. Field of research: 0601 - Biochemistry and Cell Biology

ARC National Competitive Grants · FY 2017 · 2017-01

Teaching workforce development through integrated partnerships. This project aims to understand integrated school-university partnerships’ effects on schools as workplaces and as learning spaces for beginning teachers. Australian governments endorse integrated partnerships to enhance the quality of teaching and address changing environments, but the effects of these partnerships on teaching workforce development are unknown The project will research partnerships as complex and entangled networks, develop a theory of partnership work, and identify practical models that inform partnership development and capacities and strategies necessary in partnership work. The project is expected to contribute to the renewal of teaching workforce development in Australia. Field of research: 1605 - Policy and Administration

ARC National Competitive Grants · FY 2017 · 2017-01

Determining the neural mechanisms of visual stimuli and motor responses. This project aims to determine how we select actions to visual cues rapidly, unconsciously and automatically. Learning associations between visual stimuli and motor responses is part of normal development and continues throughout life. Rapid deployment of these actions is often critical for safety yet we have limited knowledge of how the human brain does this. This project will use neuroimaging tools to characterise the spatial and temporal neural architecture underlying these processes and determine how the dorsal and ventral streams of visual processing, specialised for motor control and recognition respectively, interact in vision-based actions as these actions become learned.Outcomes will provide new frameworks for driving improvement in any domain in which goal-directed actions depend on the rapid processing of visual information, including human-machine interfaces for defence, economic development, education, health, science and technology. Field of research: 1701 - Psychology

ARC National Competitive Grants · FY 2017 · 2017-01

How cell shape regulators control cell competition in tissue development. This project aims to determine how cell shape (polarity) regulators affect cell survival in an epithelial tissue. When mutation or wounding perturb cell shape regulators in a tissue cell, signalling pathways are altered that kill the aberrant cells. A surveillance mechanism termed "cell competition" is important to remove the damaged cells. This project will investigate a potential regulator of cell competition, the tyrosine phosphatase PTP61F, in response to perturbation of cell shape regulators, using the vinegar fly, Drosophila, and mammalian systems. This study is expected to reveal biomarkers that can be used to improve organismal fitness to increase productivity or to decrease it for pest control. Field of research: 0601 - Biochemistry and Cell Biology

ARC National Competitive Grants · FY 2017 · 2017-01

How protein and RNA cargo are sorted into exosomes. This project aims to understand how proteins and RNA are selected for packaging into exosomes and participate in the biological functions mediated by these vesicles. Exosomes are small membranous extracellular vesicles released by cells which contain protein and RNA cargo and are involved in intercellular communication. Determining how the exosome cargo is selected and related to its function in intercellular communication is expected to show how these vesicles maintain cellular homeostasis. The findings will expand knowledge in the area of microRNA biology, proteomics and develop expertise in bioinformatics. Field of research: 0601 - Biochemistry and Cell Biology

ARC National Competitive Grants · FY 2017 · 2017-01

Acheulian to Middle Stone Age transition at Amanzi Springs, South Africa. This project aims to excavate and date the Amanzi Springs archaeological complex. From 600 to 300,000 years ago, Acheulian stone tool technology, defined by large generalised cutting tools, changed to a Middle Stone Age industry dominated by smaller, specialised technology (points/blades). This transition is poorly defined throughout Africa due to lack of layered archaeological sites at high resolution that can be dated. The project will provide a detailed record of changes in technology across the Early to Middle Stone Age transition. The project could increase our understanding of the climatological, ecological and biological processes that shaped our shared ancestry. Field of research: 2101 - Archaeology

ARC National Competitive Grants · FY 2017 · 2017-01

Impediments to uptake and diffusion of take-home naloxone. This project aims to investigate impediments to uptake of ‘take-home’ naloxone (THN), which reverses opioid overdose. Opioid overdose is a major health and social problem in Australia. Programmes to provide opioid consumers with THN to reverse overdose exist in some Australian cities, but uptake in Australia remains minimal. The reasons for this are not well understood. This project will interview opioid consumers, prescribers and pharmacists to better understand THN, and produce an online resource on experiences of overdose and THN. The aim is to inform those affected by overdose, professionals and the wider Australian community about THN, to support THN distribution, save lives and protect communities. Field of research: 1608 - Sociology

ARC National Competitive Grants · FY 2017 · 2017-01

Pilot-scale production of therapeutically-active cannabinoids . The Isolation of minor therapeutically-active cannabinoids from cannabis at pilot scale would establish a commercially competitive Australian industry and lead to a superior position in the global marketplace. This project aims to select elite clones from genetically diverse cannabis strains for yield of minor, but therapeutically-active, cannabinoids, and develop a pilot-scale extraction and separation procedure that can be scaled-up for commercial production. This would contribute to the growth of the agri-biotechnology sector and a skilled multidisciplinary workforce in rural Australia, thus providing significant economic benefit. The novel scale-up procedure has potential for industry adoption to add value to Australian manufacturing. Field of research: 0601 - Biochemistry and Cell Biology

ARC National Competitive Grants · FY 2017 · 2017-01

Temporal interactions of dorsal/ventral visual streams. This project aims to understand the temporal interactions between the dorsal and ventral visual streams that control skilled actions. The neural pathways for visual perception of objects may be distinct from those associated with movements towards the object, but the speed of activation and interactions of these two cortical visual streams have not been investigated. This project will use the temporal sensitivity of neuroscience brain imaging techniques (MEG, EEG, fMRI) to measure the real-time sequence of interactions between the two visual streams during goal-directed grasping. It intends to extend the most influential model of visual processing by discovering ‘when’ these pathways activate and interact. Such knowledge will affect delivery of social and commercial outcomes, by providing new directions for the rehabilitation of sensorimotor performance in many neurodevelopmental disorders, and by improving design of control systems for robotic effectors, prosthetic limbs, and more seamless human-machine interfaces. Field of research: 1109 - Neurosciences

ARC National Competitive Grants · FY 2017 · 2017-01

Ecological role of sleep in maintaining optimal brain function in birds. This project aims to explain the function of sleep. Sleep is thought to maintain optimal brain functioning to support waking cognition. Nearly all sleep research is laboratory-based, which fails to realistically capture how animals benefit from sleep. Ecologists treat sleep as a simple behaviour, instead of as a heterogeneous neurophysiological state, while neuroscientists generally fail to appreciate the insights ecological and evolutionary systems offer. This project adopts a cross-disciplinary approach, bringing together animal behaviour, ecology, evolution, anthropogenic disturbance and sleep neurophysiology. By doing so, the project will add a new dimension of understanding on the functions of sleep. Field of research: 0602 - Ecology

ARC National Competitive Grants · FY 2017 · 2017-01

Whether social media literacy mitigates effects of social media in adolescents. This project aims to determine protective and risk factors for problems associated with social media use in early adolescents. In particular, it aims to determine the protective role of social media literacy (the skill to analyse, critique and evaluate social media posts). Although most Australian adolescents use social media, frequent social media engagement and photo-based activities can cause body dissatisfaction, disordered eating and compromised well-being. Findings supporting a protective role for social media literacy are expected to inform policy to improve adolescent well-being and pave the way for school-based social media literacy interventions. Field of research: 1701 - Psychology

ARC National Competitive Grants · FY 2017 · 2017-01

Moral claims in international sports events. This project aims to understand how moral claims about international sport generate, reinforce and propagate normative views of global order. For over a century, advocates of the Olympic Games and other major international sports events have claimed that they bring moral benefits– from promoting peace to protecting human rights. This project aims to analyse how sport’s moral claims shape global norms and justify enormous outlays of financial and political capital. By understanding why these claims have been so influential for over a century, the project aims to understand the major political and economic consequences of moral expectations around international sport. Field of research: 2103 - Historical Studies

ARC National Competitive Grants · FY 2017 · 2017-01

Performance and image enhancing drug injecting in Australia. This project aims to research the use of performance and image-enhancing drugs (PIED), to understand the associated social practices and to assess what health information PIED injectors need. PIEDs use is increasing in Australia and is associated with serious health issues, including the transmission of blood-borne viruses, especially hepatitis C (HCV). Little is known about PIED injecting and the nation's harm reduction framework is unprepared to meet the problems it poses. This project expects to directly inform policy and practice, potentially averting an epidemic of HCV in this population, and aims to minimise HCV transmission among people who inject PIEDs. Field of research: 1608 - Sociology

ARC National Competitive Grants · FY 2017 · 2017-01

Evolving landscapes of our early South African ancestors. This project aims to reconstruct the early evolution of our genus, from 2.6 to 1.8 million years ago. This was a time of faunal and environmental change, the extinction of apelike human ancestors (Australopithecus), the speciation of a specialised human genus, Paranthropus, and the origin of our own genus, Homo. This project will study South African cave sites, the surrounding karst, and the oldest known Homo ergaster fossil to model changing dietary patterns and landscape use by hominins. This project expects to reconstruct the early evolution of our genus and to address how species reacted to changing environmental conditions and increasing aridity. Field of research: 0403 - Geology

ARC National Competitive Grants · FY 2016 · 2016-01

Reducing health disparities for older LGBTI Australians. Reducing health disparities for older LGBTI Australians. This project aims to optimise health and aged care services throughout Australia, by bringing together researchers and key organisations in the health, aged, and lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex (LGBTI) sectors to build a much-needed evidence base. Older LGBTI Australians have vastly poorer health outcomes than the broader population. This project will provide detailed quantitative and qualitative data on the challenges and needs of older LGBTI Australians and service providers, and develop essential resources so policymakers and service providers can reduce older LGBTI Australians’ health disparities. Field of research: 1605 - Policy and Administration

ARC National Competitive Grants · FY 2016 · 2016-01

Optimisation of a novel hybrid vaccine for liver fluke disease in cattle. Optimisation of a novel hybrid vaccine for liver fluke disease in cattle. This project aims to optimise the formulation of novel fluke vaccine antigens by constructing combination hybrid recombinant antigens and using a protein adjuvant to improve immunogenicity, and test new antigens expressed in young flukes as vaccines and evaluate their ability to synergise with hybrid vaccines. Fasciola (fluke) infections cause serious economic losses to livestock production and fluke drug resistance threatens control, so new therapies such as a vaccine are needed. These vaccines should be evaluated in cattle trials. The major outcome plan is validation of hybrid antigens for commercial vaccine development for fluke control in cattle, leading to more sustainable beef and milk production in Australia. Field of research: 0702 - Animal Production

ARC National Competitive Grants · FY 2016 · 2016-01

New Methods in Theory and Cosmic Applications of Spherical Random Fields. This project aims to investigate and model spherical random fields which are described as solutions of stochastic differential equations on a sphere or a ball. The project plans to study properties and develop spectral analysis of these solutions. It then plans to use the obtained theoretical results to construct new methods for numerical approximation and statistical estimation of these random fields. In particular, it plans to develop novel asymptotic and statistical methodology for tensor random fields. The project will apply the results to model and analyse cosmic microwave background data. Expected outcomes will improve the accuracy in determining cosmological parameters and provide novel tools for better understanding of the universe during its early stages. Field of research: 0104 - Statistics

ARC National Competitive Grants · FY 2016 · 2016-01

The Awakening of Faith and New Confucian Philosophy. This project aims to provide a new understanding of how New Confucian philosophy was constructed in modern China. It proposes to debunk the prevailing myth that modern Chinese philosophy owes its identity as a continuation of Confucianism, to the exclusion of the fundamentally ‘foreign’ influence of Buddhism. It is anticipated that this project will substantially advance the knowledge base of Chinese philosophy both in Australia and internationally, and will also contribute to a more informed understanding of the philosophical and religious traditions our neighbours use to define national and cultural identity. Field of research: 2203 - Philosophy

ARC National Competitive Grants · FY 2016 · 2016-01

Qualitative models of rationality: Philosophical foundations and applications. This project aims to establish the qualitative approach to rationality as a viable and attractive choice. Mathematical models of rationality, which aim to formalise the rules of good reasoning and decision making, traditionally assume that beliefs and desires are always given in precise, quantifiable degrees of confidence and value. This assumption is implausibly strong, and alternative, qualitative frameworks have been developed to handle the frequent situations in which it fails. These, however, remain incomplete and their foundations poorly understood. The project will address their omissions, secure their conceptual underpinnings and use them to clarify and resolve long-standing philosophical problems. Field of research: 2203 - Philosophy

ARC National Competitive Grants · FY 2016 · 2016-01

Tangsa Wihu song: insight into culture through language, music and ritual. This project seeks to study the complex and under-researched linguistic diversity of the newly opening India–Myanmar borders. The Tangsa Wihu song-cycle is a ritual and poetic tradition common to people in a very linguistically diverse community situated in the India–Myanmar border region. This project plans to study this song-cycle, which was traditionally performed over many hours and days, examining the linguistic, historical and musicological features of the song in its various contexts. The rich and complex linguistic diversity of Tangsa is shining a light on traditional patterns of human linguistic and social development, and this detailed study is expected to enhance our knowledge of the linguistic and cultural diversity of India and Myanmar. Field of research: 2004 - Linguistics

ARC National Competitive Grants · FY 2016 · 2016-01

An examination of the factors shaping recent developments in youth drinking. Over the past 15 years, the proportion of Australian teenagers who drink alcohol has halved. This project aims to understand the drivers of this major shift in teenage drinking behaviour. Initial work has shown that drinking has declined across demographic, socio-economic and cultural groups. This project plans to use mixed methods to analyse new and existing data to examine four potential drivers of this generational change in behaviour. Understanding the reasons behind this shift is important both to expand knowledge about the socio-cultural conditions shaping teenage alcohol consumption practices, and to support and maintain these trends through informed social policy. Field of research: 1608 - Sociology

ARC National Competitive Grants · FY 2016 · 2016-01

America's Other Automakers: A History of Transplant Car Makers in the U.S. This project will provide the first book-length history of foreign-owned car manufacturing in the US. The first foreign-owned car factory was established by Volkswagen in 1976, and by 2009 these transplant factories employed 78,000 people, turning out 25 percent of all cars made in the U.S. Taking an historical approach, the project will explore the central question of why these factories have thrived at a time when Ford, General Motors, and Chrysler have steadily laid off workers. An original examination of a topic that has received little academic attention, this project will provide insights into capital mobility in this key industry, offering lessons for Australia and other high-wage labour markets. Field of research: 2103 - Historical Studies

ARC National Competitive Grants · FY 2016 · 2016-01

Rivers of Gold: The Legacy of Historical Gold Mining for Victoria's Rivers. By considering rivers as cultural artefacts, this project aims to evaluate how historical gold mining has shaped river systems in Victoria. Victoria’s historic mining industry led to extensive and long-lasting change to waterways across the state. The project plans to integrate approaches from landscape archaeology, physical geography, geomorphology and environmental chemistry to identify and map the extent of changes, including increased sedimentation, erosion, and chemical contamination. The project plans to demonstrate how historical mining continues to influence chemical and physical processes in Victorian streams and to develop understanding of the landscapes experienced by Victorians at the height of the mining boom. Project outcomes may provide improved context for catchment and reservoir management and counter prevailing impressions about causes of observed damage to rivers. Field of research: 2101 - Archaeology

ARC National Competitive Grants · FY 2016 · 2016-01

Multitasking effects on motor control in childhood through adolescence. This project aims to increase knowledge on the development of motor control and its cognitive determinants. The ability to perform cognitive and motor tasks simultaneously is a critical skill for daily living. From childhood to adolescence, and across a range of developmental disorders, simultaneous performance of cognitive and motor tasks represents a major challenge. Children with cognitive and motor coordination problems show increased inattention, hyperactivity, psychosocial difficulties and negative perceptions of self-worth. This project aims to investigate how the cognitive demands of balance control during walking changes from childhood to adolescence. The results may help to identify the mechanisms underlying childhood disorders associated with comorbid cognitive and motor impairments and provide strategies for earlier identification. Field of research: 1106 - Human Movement and Sports Science