UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE

ARC National Competitive Grants · FY 2016 · 2016-01

Devising a legal blueprint for corporate energy transition. This project aims to provide a legal blueprint for using corporate law mechanisms to incentivise improved climate risk management and clean energy practices in Australian companies. Corporations are key players in efforts to transition the global energy system to clean energy sources and to mitigate climate risk. While this role is widely acknowledged, thinking on the best legal strategies that could foster corporate energy transition is in its infancy. Drawing on empirical data and more extensive United States experience with the use of corporate law tools for climate ends, the project plans to uncover roadblocks to corporate energy transformation, and identify law and governance reforms necessary for putting the private sector on a low-carbon pathway. Field of research: 1801 - Law

ARC National Competitive Grants · FY 2016 · 2016-01

Predicting invertebrate life cycles under variable climates. This project seeks to characterise and predict the responses of invertebrates to climate variability and climate change. Alterations to the developmental trajectory are a major way that organisms adapt their life cycles to climatic variability. Many invertebrates avoid extremes of heat, cold and dry by entering a quiescent or diapause state, often at the egg stage. This project plans to apply novel high-throughput methods for characterising developmental patterns in the eggs of invertebrates in conjunction with microclimate models and modern phylogenetic methods to understand and predict responses to climatic variability. The methods are expected to be transferable to other invertebrates and may lead to breakthroughs in pest management and conservation. Field of research: 0602 - Ecology

ARC National Competitive Grants · FY 2016 · 2016-01

Technetium and Copper Complexes for Diagnostic Imaging of Neurodegeneration. This project aims to develop new synthetic coordination chemistry for making metal complexes to assist in the diagnosis of neurodegeneration. The focus will be on the design and synthesis of new copper and technetium complexes designed to have the desirable properties to be of use as tracers for molecular imaging. The project aims to lead to fundamental advances in inorganic chemistry and the synthesis of metal complexes designed for biological applications. Field of research: 0302 - Inorganic Chemistry

ARC National Competitive Grants · FY 2016 · 2016-01

On the Fast Track to the Frontier of High-Energy Physics. This project aims to extend our reach in exploring fundamental physics by exploiting a novel fast pattern-recognition technique and extending its limit beyond the current capacity. The recent discovery of the Higgs boson confirmed the remaining element of the standard model of particle physics, yet many fundamental questions about the microscopic nature of the universe remain. The Large Hadron Collider upgrades provide an opportunity to measure the particle's properties and to discover new physics processes by enabling searches for new particles at the high-energy frontier. This project aims to exploit the unique datasets anticipated, develop key electronic components and new techniques that will expand the physics reach of the ATLAS experiment. Field of research: 0202 - Atomic, Molecular, Nuclear, Particle and Plasma Physics

ARC National Competitive Grants · FY 2016 · 2016-01

The role of copper in the early ubiquitination pathway. This project aims to explore the role of copper in ageing and protein turnover. The removal of damaged or excess proteins is achieved by ubiquitin-tagging in all kingdoms of life. It has recently been observed that one of the earliest steps of this process appears to be driven by copper. This project aims to elaborate the precise biochemical mechanisms by which copper regulates this important tagging and protein turnover system. It proposes to characterise the structure and function of a newly identified copper-dependent form of cell enzyme which could be involved in amplifying ubiquitin-tagged protein breakdown. Copper is essential for life in all domains. Identifying copper as a major regulator in protein clearance is important in understanding this fundamental biological machinery. Field of research: 0302 - Inorganic Chemistry

ARC National Competitive Grants · FY 2016 · 2016-01

Investigating insect neuronal plasticity under genetic and chemical stress. This project aims to study receptors that translate chemical signals into electrical signals in animal brains. These receptors are targeted by insecticides used to control the major pests that afflict agriculture and domestic pets. The project aims to establish the functions of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in several behaviours and in insecticide responsiveness in the model insect, Drosophila melanogaster, using mutations that knock out the function of receptor subunits. Prior research has pointed to plasticity in the expression and transport of these receptors in response to genetic and environmental change. This project aims to identify the underlying mechanisms that provide the insect with resilience, to provide better options for pest control. Field of research: 0604 - Genetics

ARC National Competitive Grants · FY 2016 · 2016-01

Alternative splicing in apicomplexan parasites. The project intends to provide a detailed picture of how alternative splicing is regulated in four biologically diverse apicomplexan parasites, and to explain why parasites need this molecular trick to survive. Alternative splicing is an important means by which organisms increase the diversity of proteins encoded by their genome. Although this mechanism is well studied in humans, little is known about the extent of this phenomenon in other organisms, nor how the process is regulated. The project plans to test if alternative splicing is required to transition between different life stages, just as alternative splicing is required for tissue differentiation in animals, and describe how alternative splicing contributes to apicomplexan proteome diversity. Field of research: 0604 - Genetics

ARC National Competitive Grants · FY 2016 · 2016-01

Shape-Shifting Molecules: Photoisomerization Action Spectroscopy. This project aims to examine molecules that change shape in response to light in order to gain insight into the biological processes they control. Many biological systems, including the human visual apparatus and bacterial photosynthesis, depend on molecules that change shape in response to light. The project plans to probe shape-shifting molecules with laser light while they are propelled through gas by an electric field. Light-induced changes in molecular shape produce detectable variations in drift speed. The ensuing knowledge would help calibrate computational approaches for predicting molecular function. It would also establish foundations for understanding essential biological molecules, including retinals, carotenes and peptides, and for developing new light-activated molecular motors and switches. Field of research: 0306 - Physical Chemistry (Incl. Structural)

ARC National Competitive Grants · FY 2016 · 2016-01

The Maronites of Lebanon: Arab Christians in the Era of ISIS. This project aims to capture ethnographically the way Maronite culture is evolving in response to regional pressures. The Maronites of Lebanon were the dominant community of modern Lebanon. Since the end of the civil war (1975–90), they have lost their economic power to the Sunnis associated with the Gulf capitalism that has rebuilt Lebanon. They have also lost their military and political power to the Shi'a who have accumulated military strength through their struggle against Israel's occupation and their links to Iran. The Maronites are also declining numerically and, most dramatically today, like all Arab Christians, living with the spectre of Islamic fundamentalism in the region, particularly the threat of ISIS (Islamic State). Field of research: 1601 - Anthropology

ARC National Competitive Grants · FY 2016 · 2016-01

Unravelling the immunology of complex glycolipids by chemical synthesis. This project seeks to develop new approaches to chemically synthesise bacterial and fungal glycolipids and develop a molecular-level understanding of their effect on the immune system. Bacterial and fungal glycolipids are exotic chemical species that act as danger signals to prime and modulate our innate immune responses. These complex glycolipids possess powerful immunological activities that continue to shape our understanding of innate immunity, yet cannot be acquired from natural sources in the quantities and purity needed. The approaches expected to be developed in the project will be used to illuminate molecular details of immune signalling through pattern recognition receptors and presentation on specialised glycolipid antigen-presenting molecules. Outcomes may include new ways to fight disease and promote health by marshalling the resources of the immune system. Field of research: 0305 - Organic Chemistry

ARC National Competitive Grants · FY 2016 · 2016-01

Designing minimum-cost networks that are robust and avoid obstacles. The goal of this project is to construct a mathematical framework for the design of minimum-cost networks that are robust and avoid obstacles. Physical networks such as those required for communication, power and transportation are vital for our society, but are costly from economic and environmental viewpoints. There is a need for mathematical optimisation tools to design minimum-cost networks that take into account practical considerations such as surviving local connectivity failures and avoiding pre-existing obstacles. These are recognised as mathematically challenging problems. Current approaches employ restrictive models that do not capture the flexibility of modern infrastructure networks. This project aims to develop geometric design methods using variable ‘Steiner points’, leading to fast algorithms for optimally solving these problems. Field of research: 0103 - Numerical and Computational Mathematics

ARC National Competitive Grants · FY 2016 · 2016-01

Model Laws to Regulate the Use of Restraint on Persons with Disabilities. This project aims to address the current lack of a common legal framework for regulating the use of restraint on persons with disabilities in mental health, disability and aged care sectors. Through developing model laws and guidelines, this project aims to support the Disability Ministers’ National Framework for Reducing and Eliminating the Use of Restrictive Practices and the National Mental Health Commission’s work on reducing and eliminating restraint. Its main objective is to benefit persons with disabilities by supporting government policies aimed at reducing, with a view to eliminating, the adverse consequences of coercive practices in general. Field of research: 1801 - Law

ARC National Competitive Grants · FY 2016 · 2016-01

Reserving nitrogen in soils through microbial nitrate reduction to ammonium. This project aims to identify those microbes able to transform nitrate to ammonium and thus increase soil nitrogen conservation. More than 50 per cent of the nitrogen in fertilisers applied to soils is lost into the environment, which is both a financial loss to farmers and a main anthropogenic source of nitrogen pollution. Some microbes can transform nitrate into ammonium through dissimilatory reduction (DNRA) and thus increase soil nitrogen retention. However, the DNRA process and the responsible microbial groups remain largely unknown. This project plans to use isotope tracing and biomolecular approaches to identify those DNRA microbial groups and elucidate the DNRA reaction process. The findings may support the use of DNRA to improve soil nitrogen. Field of research: 0602 - Ecology

ARC National Competitive Grants · FY 2016 · 2016-01

The extent, causes and implications of pleiotropy among complex traits. The project seeks to understand how a DNA mutation can affect many characters or traits. Many traits are called complex because they are controlled by a very large number of genes, most of which have small effects. Complex traits include traits important in medicine (such as susceptibility to heart disease) and in agriculture (such as tenderness of meat). Because there are many genes affecting each trait, most genes have small effects which makes them hard to identify. The fact that a mutation that has a small effect on a complex trait also has a larger effect on a less complex trait may help us to identify the mutation and use it in agriculture or medicine. Field of research: 0604 - Genetics

ARC National Competitive Grants · FY 2016 · 2016-01

Atomic details of antimicrobial peptides at work in live cells. This project aims to develop methods to determine the detailed structure of biologically important molecules in live cells to better understand how biomolecular structure is related to disease. The structure at the atomic level of the molecules of life is usually characterised by crystal or solution studies in model systems. However, the structure of many biologically important molecules depends on their environment. Using new instrumentation and labelling schemes, the project plans to use nuclear magnetic resonance methods to study antibiotics and antimicrobial peptides in live bacteria and human cells. The goal is to resolve how these molecules cross cell membranes and how biomolecular structure is related to activity, which may advance development in biotechnology and therapeutic treatments against drug-resistant infections. Field of research: 0304 - Medicinal and Biomolecular Chemistry

ARC National Competitive Grants · FY 2016 · 2016-01

The Intergenerational Transmission of Joblessness. The project aims to unpack the mechanisms, channels and factors that drive joblessness from one generation to the next in Australia and across Europe, Asia and the United States. By creating a rich longitudinal dataset on families across the selected countries, it plans to challenge existing theories by asking whether aspects of family’s work–welfare trajectories, values and dynamics play out differently across multiple nations, over time and in different labour market, institutional and family contexts. Project results may provide evidence-based knowledge for the development of effective interventions to avert the persistence of joblessness across generations. Field of research: 1608 - Sociology

ARC National Competitive Grants · FY 2016 · 2016-01

Investigating literary knowledge in the making of English teachers. This project aims to create new understanding of the role of literary knowledge within subject English. English education is mandated in Australian schooling; however, subject content as well as teachers’ knowledge and pedagogical approaches are highly contested, particularly regarding the teaching of literature. Using a national survey, focus group interviews and a longitudinal study, the project aims to provide new understandings of the literary knowledge that early career teachers need, of the impact of curricula and professional practice on disciplinary knowledge, and about the operation of literary studies across school and university. Significantly, it plans to use ‘literary sociability’, an innovative methodology, to generate empirical and conceptual perspectives on literary studies in Australia that will be of value internationally. Field of research: 1302 - Curriculum and Pedagogy

ARC National Competitive Grants · FY 2016 · 2016-01

Green Radio: Increasing Spectral and Energy Efficiency of Wireless Networks. This project aims to develop green radio communications which reduce energy costs and carbon emissions while enabling fast and reliable communications in wireless networks. The new techniques and algorithms to be investigated in the project for green wireless communications were inspired by recent advances in spectrum sharing and energy harvesting. The expected outcomes will have wireless applications including mobile communications and sensor networks. New wireless communications protocols, standards and algorithms drawing upon the foundations of modelling and analysis based on communications, mathematics, probability, statistics and optimisation theory may benefit both academia and industry. Field of research: 1005 - Communications Technologies

ARC National Competitive Grants · FY 2016 · 2016-01

Risk and Change In Institutional Fields: The Case Of Industrial Chemicals. This project aims to explore how to manage risk through sustainable organisational strategies and institutional transformations. Chemical risks arise as by-products of economic and technological progress and can cause untold harm to human health and the environment. Using a discursive approach to compare how organisations in Australia and Canada manage chemical risks, this project aims to show how organisations can act as institutional entrepreneurs and introduce sustainable field-level solutions to risk, instead of relying on government regulation to deal with dangerous chemicals. The intended outcomes include the development of a model that identifies the challenges associated with three different risk scenarios – managing established risks, managing emerging risks and eliminating risks – as well as identifying and evaluating strategies to address these challenges. Field of research: 1503 - Business and Management

ARC National Competitive Grants · FY 2016 · 2016-01

Structurally Nanoengineered Antimicrobial Polypeptide Particles (SNAPPs). This project aims to develop a new platform technology for the development of antimicrobial agents by combining expertise in polymer science and antimicrobial studies. It aims to develop new nanoengineered particles for combating antibiotic-resistant bacteria, investigate the influence of particle architecture on antibacterial properties, and determine the mechanism of action. This may support the development of antibiotic treatments using new polypeptide particles as antibacterial drugs, resulting in advances in nanobiotechnology, polymer therapeutics and advanced materials. The outcomes may revolutionise the synthetic approach to antimicrobial peptides and contribute significantly towards current antibiotic treatments and approaches for advanced antibacterial formulations. Field of research: 0303 - Macromolecular and Materials Chemistry

ARC National Competitive Grants · FY 2016 · 2016-01

Tertiary admissions: towards a healthier university system. The project aims to identify the demand for university places, quantify the gains from the Australian semi-centralised admissions system and propose measures to increase these gains. The effectiveness of any tertiary education system depends critically on the quality of the match between students and courses, with mismatches resulting in millions of dollars of wasted public resources and life dissatisfaction of graduates in occupations misaligned with their interests. Using an Australian tertiary admissions dataset containing both student preferences and rankings of students by courses, the project aims to empirically assess the trade-off between the efficiency of a match, an equitable welfare distribution and equal access to higher education. It then plans to propose the best system to balance these objectives. Field of research: 1402 - Applied Economics

ARC National Competitive Grants · FY 2016 · 2016-01

Ageing Bodies, Embodied Interactions and Social Inclusion. This project aims to design and investigate innovative technologies to establish meaningful social connections between older people who are constrained by limited mobility. Older adults who participate in social activities benefit from enhanced wellbeing, but social groups are often inaccessible for those in advanced old age, especially if living in rural areas. Emerging technologies, such as depth cameras and body tracking, can be used to augment limited bodily movement via avatars. These can be represented in virtual communities to foster social inclusion. The expected outcome of this project is a new technology that uses whole-body interactions and representational avatars to improve social inclusion for older adults in rural and urban settings. Field of research: 0806 - Information Systems

ARC National Competitive Grants · FY 2016 · 2016-01

Understanding the physiological changes accompanying arousal from sleep. This project aims to investigate neural memory in upper airway dilator muscles. Following brief awakening from sleep (arousal), upper airway dilator muscle activity is elevated for 20–30 seconds despite inhibitory stimuli being present. The cause for the elevated activity is unknown. This project aims to investigate whether a form of neural memory contributes to the elevated activity. It expects to demonstrate that arousal can induce a neural memory that is not inhibited by usual stimuli. The findings are expected to increase our understanding of normal human functioning but may also have implications for conditions where upper airway muscles are important such as dysphagia, sleep apnea and numerous other sleep disorders. Field of research: 1701 - Psychology

ARC National Competitive Grants · FY 2016 · 2016-01

Enhanced coral stress tolerance via manipulation of prokaryotic symbionts. The project aims to develop a novel approach to improve environmental stress tolerance in corals. Coral reefs are under threat from a range of stressors that have led to massive declines in coral cover and health worldwide. There is now great concern that the rate of environmental change is outpacing the natural capacity of corals to acclimatise, adapt and survive. Although it is important to address the root causes of climate change, a focus on strategies to mitigate its impacts is also required. This project explores the potential to augment the capacity of corals to tolerate stress through the manipulation of their associated prokaryotic communities. This project may result in novel coral reef restoration approaches. Field of research: 0605 - Microbiology

ARC National Competitive Grants · FY 2016 · 2016-01

Learning to make it work: education, work and wellbeing in young adulthood. The project plans to analyse young adults’ transitions from education to work from ages 27 to 31 (2016–20). This period is crucial for economic and social integration, however unemployment and insecure work are increasing, creating challenges. The longitudinal design includes a cross-generational analysis with a cohort of young Australians who were 27 in 2001 and 31 in 2005, to analyse changes in economic and social integration since the global financial crisis. It plans to extend current policy frameworks of youth transitions to explore the relationship between education, work and wellbeing, and contribute new knowledge about changing forms of vulnerability and the factors that support integration and resilience for young adults. Expected project outcomes are an evidence base about the resources that enable young adults to maximise their social and economic participation in society. Field of research: 1608 - Sociology