UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA

ARC National Competitive Grants · FY 2016 · 2016-01

Biomechanics Meets Robotics: Methods for Accurate and Fast Needle Targeting. This project intends to create a novel integrated framework for biomedical systems that can accurately target a needle. Accurate surgical targeting means less trauma and better patient outcomes. Needles are used in over half of all surgical procedures, but up to 38 per cent of these are affected by targeting errors. Achieving sub-millimetre accuracy is extremely difficult because inserting a needle displaces the tissue and moves the target. How, then, can ultra-fine targeting be achieved? This project plans to integrate non-linear biomechanical models that predict tissue motion with accurate and principled motion control. It seeks to create new methods for surgical robots that will predict target motion and guide a needle to accurately intersect the target. Field of research: 0903 - Biomedical Engineering

ARC National Competitive Grants · FY 2016 · 2016-01

Optimising the balance between task automation and human manual control. This project aims to discover how best to design automation to maximise performance, while ensuring that operators maintain the task awareness required to manually control previously automated tasks. In environments such as defence and aviation, automating tasks can improve performance, but many accidents have occurred because human operators have not adequately regained manual control when automation has failed. This project proposes a series of studies using simulations of submarine track management and air traffic control in laboratory and field settings that draw upon psychology and human factors. The project is designed to provide the strategic research that is required to discover how best to adapt the automation currently used in industrial settings. Field of research: 1701 - Psychology

ARC National Competitive Grants · FY 2016 · 2016-01

Precision tests of fundamental physics at the electroweak unification scale. The project aims to advance novel precision frequency generation and measurement techniques beyond the present state of the art, through the implementation of sapphire and quartz bulk acoustic wave resonator and related technology at low temperature. The project plans to apply this technological advancement to extremely sensitive tests of General Relativity able to probe suppressed effects emanating from the Planck scale. Such tests include new tests of Lorentz invariance violations of photons and phonons, tests of fundamental constant invariance and other tests of fundamental physics. Results could lead to the discovery of the correct theory of quantum gravity, a major unsolved problem in contemporary physics. Field of research: 0201 - Astronomical and Space Sciences

ARC National Competitive Grants · FY 2016 · 2016-01

How scissors learn to glue: the catalysis of ligation by proteases. This project proposes to study protein-cutting enzymes from plants that are drawn into biosyntheses where they paradoxically perform protein-joining (ligation) reactions. Enzymes are everywhere, from detergents to digestion to detoxifying drugs. Industry uses artificial evolution to improve enzymes or create enzymes with new activities. By exploring the changes that allowed one such cutting enzyme to ligate, the knowledge acquired may enable protein engineering to develop designer enzymes with enhanced or suppressed ligating ability. Although protein evolution can be studied with artificial systems, natural systems are extremely valuable. Insights from studying this natural evolution of ligation may test hypotheses developed with data from artificial evolution. Field of research: 0607 - Plant Biology

ARC National Competitive Grants · FY 2016 · 2016-01

Circumventing demographic processes that limit seagrass restoration. Circumventing demographic processes that limit seagrass restoration. This project aims to explore a demographic approach for seed-based restoration of seagrasses. Sustainable strategies are needed to restore the structure and function of seagrass ecosystems. Although seed-based restoration has been successfully used for decades in terrestrial ecosystems, failures in seagrass restoration are common because the science of seed-based restoration is grossly underdeveloped, and transitions from dispersed seed, seedling, recruiting juvenile to reproductive adult in seagrasses are poorly understood. Recent demographic approaches in terrestrial vegetation restoration identify transitions most limiting to recruitment and successful establishment. Anticipated outcomes are successful seed-based restoration of seagrasses. Field of research: 0602 - Ecology

ARC National Competitive Grants · FY 2016 · 2016-01

Advanced gravity and electromagnetic methods for uncovering the deep Earth. Advanced gravity and electromagnetic methods for uncovering the deep Earth. This project aims to improve the sensitivity of airborne gravity gradiometers and electromagnetic sensors so airborne surveys can detect underground structures at greater depths. Aircraft motion and turbulence limit the effectiveness of existing instruments. Advanced vibration isolation and noise reduction algorithms will allow instruments to image to significantly greater depths, to map geology more accurately. This is expected to contribute to the discovery of new economic mineral and hydrocarbon resources. Field of research: 0404 - Geophysics

ARC National Competitive Grants · FY 2016 · 2016-01

Development of technologies to monitor multimolecular complexes. Development of technologies to monitor multimolecular complexes. This project aims to develop technologies to monitor how proteins and their interacting molecules (such as hormones) form multi-component complexes, and how these complexes function in the cell, including movement from the cell surface, into different cellular compartments and back up to the surface. These technologies are expected to enable monitoring in live cells in real-time with high sensitivity. This project could have broad benefits for and affect study of all aspects of the life sciences at the cellular and molecular levels. How these protein complexes function in cells underpins much of our understanding of biology, and technological tools. Field of research: 0601 - Biochemistry and Cell Biology

ARC National Competitive Grants · FY 2016 · 2016-01

On-chip spectroscopy and hyperspectral imaging for remote environments. On-chip spectroscopy and hyperspectral imaging for remote environments. This project aims to investigate techniques and materials for building optical spectrometers based on micromachines, usable in portable ground-based and drone-mounted applications in remote environments. Optical spectroscopy is now an accepted technique for materials detection and analysis. The advent of low-cost drone aircraft makes the potential applications of spectroscopy in an imaging form immense. The project expects the resulting low-cost and highly portable technology will transform Australian industry, including securing Australia’s food supply by improving farming practices, aiding mineral exploration, and enhancing capabilities for monitoring Australia’s coastline. Field of research: 0913 - Mechanical Engineering

ARC National Competitive Grants · FY 2016 · 2016-01

Towards a unified technology platform for sensing in liquids. Towards a unified technology platform for sensing in liquids. This project aims to use a new sensing platform for hydrocarbon monitoring in water to evolve optical on-chip position sensing of suspended micro-structures. Microelectromechanical systems dominate the world in sensing technology; they are common in smartphone, automotive, aerospace, and military applications. However, this multibillion dollar industry has failed to make chem/bio sensing profitable, mostly due to the absence of a robust and compact read-out technology for sensing in liquids. This project is expected to lead to a unified parallel sensing platform of ultimate sensitivity delivering aqueous sensing for wide ranging applications and markets. Field of research: 0913 - Mechanical Engineering

ARC National Competitive Grants · FY 2016 · 2016-01

Interrogating protein hydration by terahertz time-domain spectroscopy. Interrogating protein hydration by terahertz time-domain spectroscopy. This project aims to develop advanced terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) techniques to understand how a protein’s interaction with excipients in solution can alter the hydration layers around them and how this affects properties such as viscosity and stability. THz-TDS can detect overlapping extended hydration layers around proteins, revealing new knowledge in protein-protein interactions and protein behaviour in an aqueous environment. The intended outcome is to use THz-TDS to better understand how proteins such as monoclonal antibodies interact in high concentration solutions, and in doing so make better medicines. Field of research: 0906 - Electrical and Electronic Engineering

ARC National Competitive Grants · FY 2016 · 2016-01

In situ remediation in mine site rehabilitation. In situ remediation in mine site rehabilitation. By enhancing and guiding abiotic and biotic processes of soil development, this project aims to accelerate the in situ remediation of bauxite residue (alumina refining tailings). Over 7 gigatonnes of tailings are produced globally every year, comprising complex mineral assemblages at extremes of pH and salinity with minimal biological activity. This project will build detailed knowledge on the chemical, physical, and biological properties of bauxite residue and apply this to develop field-scale in situ remediation strategies. This research will also advance understanding of soil development and primary succession of microbial communities in extreme, anthropogenic environments such as those presented by tailings. Field of research: 0605 - Microbiology

ARC National Competitive Grants · FY 2016 · 2016-01

Changing water availability and the conservation of wide-ranging species. Changing water availability and the conservation of wide-ranging species. This project aims to examine the factors that influence conservation in multiple-use zones, using a functional habitat approach to study hollow-dependent black-cockatoos and parrots in the jarrah forest of south-western Australia as a model system. It will focus on how water availability influences landscape use, and its potential as a management tool, and use this information to effectively conserve wide-ranging species in multiple-use landscapes in a changing climate. The project is anticipated to reduce the negative effects of competing land uses on biodiversity and improve the efficiency of conservation and landscape management. Field of research: 0602 - Ecology

ARC National Competitive Grants · FY 2016 · 2016-01

Western Australia from its collections. Western Australia from its collections. This project aims to understand how collecting and display practices created knowledge about Western Australia that shaped its social relations, mediated its relationship to the environment and produced its identity in Australia and overseas from pre-colonial times to the present. This research will contribute to the largest museum development in the country. This research is expected to lead to collecting and display practices that enable a new vision of Western Australia's place in the world to emerge, one better suited to the demands of the future. Field of research: 2102 - Curatorial and Related Studies

ARC National Competitive Grants · FY 2016 · 2016-01

Manufacturing high value carbon products and chemicals from spent tyres. Manufacturing high value carbon products and chemicals from spent tyres. This project aims to develop an innovative and integrated thermochemical process for use of spent tyres. Australia disposes of more than 400,000 tonnes of spent tyres per annum in landfills, stockpiles and random dumping, incurring significant environmental hazards, serious health risks and wastage of resources. This research is expected to result in new knowledge of the thermal behaviour of rubber and new techniques to identify, extract and use high value carbon materials and chemicals from thermochemical processing of spent tyres. The research outcomes are expected to provide a technological foundation for an emerging industry for environmentally responsible and economically self-sustaining use of spent tyres. Field of research: 0904 - Chemical Engineering

ARC National Competitive Grants · FY 2016 · 2016-01

Characterising structural variation in the canola genome. Characterising structural variation in the canola genome. This project aims to develop and apply genomic tools to identify and characterise structural genome variation in canola, a major Australian export crop, to better understand genome evolution and accelerate canola breeding. Advances in DNA sequencing revolutionise our understanding of crop genomes, their evolution and impact on the inheritance on agronomic traits. Variation of genome structure between individuals could be important in the inheritance of important agronomic traits. Recent advances in technology permit the detailed characterisation of structural variation on a previously unfeasible scale. Anticipated outcomes are enhanced global food security, supporting rural Australian economies, and accelerating the improvement of other major crops. Field of research: 0604 - Genetics

ARC National Competitive Grants · FY 2016 · 2016-01

Deep-sea coral ocean-climate records of the last glacial and recent eras. The project aims to predict the ocean carbon dioxide sink’s long-term capacity and future trajectories of global warming and increasing carbon dioxide. This project will use geochemical proxies encoded in the skeletons of deep-sea corals in the Perth Canyon, Tasman seas, and Antarctica, in the heart of the ocean-climate system, to reveal continuous long-term records of environmental change at annual-decadal resolution for our recent past (hundreds to thousands of years) and the Last Glacial Maximum. These records are expected to provide a more accurate understanding of Earth’s long-term responses to anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions and global warming. Field of research: 0402 - Geochemistry

ARC National Competitive Grants · FY 2016 · 2016-01

A Single-Molecule Super-Resolution Microscopy Facility in Western Australia. A single-molecule super-resolution microscopy facility in Western Australia: The project aims to establish a facility combining single-molecule imaging with super-resolution microscopy to enable biologists in Western Australia to resolve and directly observe interacting macromolecules in plants, animals and organisms, Interacting macromolecules form the basis of cell biology. Imaging and characterising such interactions in living cells and tissues has become possible with the latest molecular imaging techniques and super-resolution optical microscopy (with spatial resolutions of 20 nanometres or better). The facility seeks to advance science across diverse regional priorities in agriculture, environment, marine ecology, medicine and health. Field of research: 0607 - Plant Biology

ARC National Competitive Grants · FY 2016 · 2016-01

In vivo mechano-microscopy: a discovery platform for cell mechanics. This project aims to develop a platform for quantitative 3-D imaging of cell elasticity in tissue which may make possible new discoveries in cell mechanics. Mechanical properties, in concert with chemical properties, act to determine the function and behaviour of cells, and play a vital role in diseases such as cancer. Measurement of the mechanical properties of the cell in its native tissue environment, currently not possible, could accelerate the understanding of cell mechanics. This project plans to develop in vivo mechano-microscopy by combining innovations in optical microscopy, micro-mechanical loading, and computational methods. It then plans to demonstrate its capability by producing the first 3-D elasticity maps of skeletal muscle cells in living animals. Field of research: 0205 - Optical Physics

ARC National Competitive Grants · FY 2016 · 2016-01

Paternal effects: Non-genetic inheritance via seminal fluid? This project seeks to improve understanding of the mechanisms of non-genetic inheritance and its ability to promote adaptation. Although offspring are known to resemble their parents through the action of genes, there is now a growing awareness of non-genetic mechanisms by which parents can affect the growth and health of their offspring. This project aims to quantify the putative role of seminal fluid in so-called non-genetic inheritance. Using an insect model, the project aims to identify proteins in the seminal fluid that promote early embryo development, explore how males allocate these proteins to their mates, and how females adjust their own reproduction in response to seminal fluid proteins. Improving knowledge of these mechanisms may enable the development of interventions to control the unwanted evolution of harmful organisms. Field of research: 0603 - Evolutionary Biology

ARC National Competitive Grants · FY 2016 · 2016-01

Genes to ecosystems: drivers of resilience in underwater marine forests. This project seeks to determine if population connectivity and thermal stress limits the ecological performance and capacity for biological adaptation of seaweed forests to environmental change. The rates of warming in Australia’s temperate marine environments are among the fastest in the world, threatening seaweed forests that support rich marine life and generate substantial socioeconomic values. By integrating studies of connectivity among seaweed forests along replicate coastlines on both sides of the Australian continent, with field and breeding experiments, this project expects to expose the role of genetic diversity in mediating ecological resilience to rapid environmental change. Field of research: 0602 - Ecology

ARC National Competitive Grants · FY 2016 · 2016-01

Probing dark matter through the small scale structure of the universe. This project aims to discover clues to the nature of dark matter buried in small-scale structures. Although observational probes reliably constrain these systems, theoretical progress is hampered by difficulties disentangling the complex baryonic physics from the micro-physics of the dark matter particle in shaping the structure of low-mass galaxies. The project will tackle this problem using sophisticated numerical simulations which separate these effects, allowing them to be isolated. The results are expected to show how low-mass galaxy formed, and to have important implications for modelling dark matter annihilation and for interpreting data from forthcoming surveys. Field of research: 0201 - Astronomical and Space Sciences

ARC National Competitive Grants · FY 2016 · 2016-01

The hidden secondary metabolite biosynthetic potential of fungi. This proposal aims to develop synthetic biology tools to allow rapid access to the hidden metabolites encoded in fungal genomes and discover how they interact with plant and animal hosts. Genome sequencing reveals that fungi harbour vast hidden potential for biosynthesis of bioactive small molecules. The lack of tools to efficiently access this hidden potential has hindered the ability to develop this uncharted chemical diversity for pharmaceutics and agriculture, and understand their biological roles in pathogens. Expected outcomes include sources of bioactive molecules and better management of fungal diseases in crops and humans. Field of research: 0601 - Biochemistry and Cell Biology

ARC National Competitive Grants · FY 2016 · 2016-01

Significance and mechanisms of evaporative water loss control by endotherms. This project plans to examine the novel hypothesis that mammals and birds can control and minimise their evaporative water loss in dry environments. Water balance is fundamental for the survival of mammals and birds. As a large component of total water loss, evaporative water loss is particularly critical for species in arid habitats and areas undergoing desertification and other habitat modifications. Control of water loss is a previously unappreciated ability in mammals and birds. Determining the mechanistic basis for evaporative homeostasis would fundamentally change our knowledge of animal function, and may help us to predict and understand the effects of environmental change on survival and distribution limits for Australian fauna. Field of research: 0608 - Zoology

ARC National Competitive Grants · FY 2016 · 2016-01

The Psychology of Misinformation—Towards A Theory-driven Understanding. The project aims to develop a psychological theory of misinformation effects. Misinformation influences people’s memory, reasoning and decision-making even after corrections – it thus poses a significant challenge for science and society. Through the combination of systematic experimentation with theory-driven computational modelling, the project will strive to concurrently consider individual-level cognition and the impact of sociocultural context. It is anticipated that this novel integrative approach will substantially expand our understanding of misinformation effects, and that this theoretical progress will result in the formulation of specific communication strategies to reduce the impact of misinformation on society. Field of research: 1702 - Cognitive Sciences

ARC National Competitive Grants · FY 2016 · 2016-01

In touch with the environment: dissecting early tactile responses in plants. This project aims to identify the regulatory mechanisms that control touch-responses in plants. Although plants cannot relocate in the face of danger, they are able to sense mechanical manipulations from the environment. These could be caused by pathogens, herbivores, rain or even wind. This touch-responsiveness of plants is essential for pathogen resistance and for triggering architectural changes to overcome obstacles and prevent mechanical damage. Using a comprehensive tool set of genetics, genomics and proteomics, this project aims to identify the upstream regulators that control touch responses. Furthermore, it is expected to expand our understanding of the physiological impacts of touch-responses on growth and stress tolerance. Field of research: 0607 - Plant Biology