THE UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND

ARC National Competitive Grants · FY 2022 · 2022-01

Enhanced force fields for computational drug design and materials research. This project aims to improve the atomic interaction functions used to calculate the structural, dynamic and thermodynamic properties of molecules that alter net charge or structure in different environments. Predicting the stability of alternative protonation and tautomeric states for molecules bound to therapeutic targets is a major challenge in computational drug design. It is key to identifying the therapeutically active chemical species as well as understanding drug transport and off-target effects. The work will expand the utility of modelling software used by over 13,000 researchers worldwide. In addition, the improved interaction functions will also help in the understanding of a wide range of other materials at an atomic level. Field of research: 0304 - Medicinal and Biomolecular Chemistry The development of new drugs and functional materials has wide ranging social and commercial benefits. Modern drug and materials design increasingly relies on the use of computational methods to obtain a detailed knowledge of the structure and thermodynamics of highly complex molecular systems at an atomic level. This project is focused on improving the description of the basic interatomic interactions on which these computational models rely. The work aims to directly impact research into drug and materials design by helping identify the precise chemical state of molecules in solution and when bound to a therapeutic target. Improving the description of atomic interactions will also be applicable to a wide range of other molecular systems. This includes the design of highly efficient organic lighting and solar cells. Preliminary work has attracted significant commercial interest suggesting widespread impact. Facilities are also in place to make advances accessible to the broader scientific community ensuring rapid uptake and an enduring legacy for Australian research.

ARC National Competitive Grants · FY 2022 · 2022-01

Changing the classification status quo with a global genome-based taxonomy. A grand challenge in biology is the reconstruction of the complete evolutionary history of life on our planet. A major hurdle to this goal has been the inability to culture most microbial species which comprise the bulk of evolutionary diversity. However, new molecular techniques have removed this hurdle and >1,000 new microbial species are being revealed each month through sequencing of environmental samples. This project aims to organise both cultured and uncultured microbial diversity into a systematic evolutionary framework to replace the current highly flawed and incomplete classification of microorganisms. The systematic classification of the microbial world is timely and will enable fundamental insights into ecology and evolution. Field of research: 0605 - Microbiology The proposed study will contribute to fundamental understanding of microbial diversity and evolution. It builds on the foundation of an already internationally recognised resource, the Genome Taxonomy Database (GTDB), which has the potential to significantly disrupt current taxonomic practices and to improve our ability to interpret sequence-based studies of microbial ecosystems such as the human gut. The study involves development and application of cutting edge genome analysis methods that will advance Australian science and publicise Australian research internationally. This will contribute to achieving Innovation and Science Australia’s vision for 2030 which calls for advancing Australia’s technology training and education, specifically identifying genomics as an important growth area.

ARC National Competitive Grants · FY 2022 · 2022-01

An integrated nano-bioengineered chip for enhanced molecular evolution. This project aims to develop a novel molecular evolution platform technology for the rapid selection of high value target binding molecules from diverse molecular libraries using an electrically activated nanofluidic chip coated with target. Significant outcomes from the project is the controlled selection of target binding molecules that is not possible with current methods and improved understanding of nanoforce driven molecular collisions on nano-bioengineered surfaces. This provides significant benefits, creating new knowledge in nanomaterials and advanced manufacturing of nanofabricated devices, creating commercial interest and positioning Australia at the forefront of molecular discovery technology, a highly valuable global market. Field of research: 0601 - Biochemistry and Cell Biology This project will develop a highly disruptive platform nanotechnology to enable rapid and enhanced selection of peptide and protein binders for high value industries (e.g., the monoclonal antibody market valued at US$115 billion annually). The technology will also benefit Australian researchers by speeding up research outputs for molecule discovery, diagnostics, biotechnological manufacturing, agriculture, and biosecurity, as well accelerating the fundamental understanding of biological systems. The diverse applications of the technology, such as environmental monitoring and pathogen detection provide commercial and environmental opportunities that benefit the Australian community. The research also has social benefits including the training of researchers in diverse research fields which leads to capacity building and triggers further technology discovery for Australia. The interdisciplinary nature of the research in biologics and nanotechnology, combined with the innovation of the technology, contributes to Australia's national interest providing commercial benefits to the expanding biotech sector.

ARC National Competitive Grants · FY 2022 · 2022-01

Constituent power in federal constitutions. The concept of constituent power is fundamental to public law. This project aims to provide the first systematic and theoretical examination of the concept as it manifests in federations. The idea of constituent power was first developed in unitary states. Consequently, its role in federations has rarely been explored. Expected outcomes include a systematic comparative analysis of constituent power in federations and the development of a theory of pluralised constituent power. Expected benefits include the generation of insights into the constitutional foundations of federal systems (including Australia), new approaches to the interpretation of federal constitutions and mapping of pathways for legitimate constitutional reform. Field of research: 1801 - Law The Australian Constitution is notoriously difficult to amend. This is due largely to its federal nature. Much of the responsibility for updating the Constitution has fallen to the High Court. This is controversial because the Constitution should only be amended by the people. Lying behind this controversy is the concept of ‘constituent power’: who has the power to make, amend and interpret the Constitution? These are fundamental questions that arise in all federations. By seeking out answers to these questions, this project will clarify the pathways to legitimate constitutional change in Australia and beyond. This will benefit governments and members of parliament when questions of constitutional reform arise and it will provide tools that can be used by judges when problems of constitutional interpretation emerge, as they frequently do. Because the Constitution sets the framework within which the political system operates, the project will provide downstream benefits for development of federally-coordinated economic and social policies and responses to environmental and public health crises.

ARC National Competitive Grants · FY 2022 · 2022-01

Understanding the generation of hypothalamic sleep neurons. This Project aims to investigate the mechanisms controlling the formation of the sleep neurons in the hypothalamus. We all sleep, and normal sleep-wake cycles play a central role in our biology. The functional role of these sleep neurons in the mature brain are well established. However, how the neurons are generated during development is very poorly defined. This project aims to address this critical knowledge gap, and will greatly increase our understanding of how the development of this critical aspect of organismal function is orchestrated during development. This project will also develop bioinformatics tools with broad utility within the biosciences field and enhance the capacity for interdisciplinary international collaborations. Field of research: 1109 - Neurosciences This project aims to understand the formation of the sleep neurons in the hypothalamus, cells that are critical for sleep-wake states. Despite their well-known adult function, how sleep neurons form during embryonic development is largely unknown. By using a combination of novel, cutting-edge, single cell analysis technologies, this project will decode the molecular pathways controlling sleep neuron development. This project will develop approaches with which to decode the development of any other tissue, and will develop sophisticated bioinformatics tools with broad utility within the biosciences field. Expected outcomes also include enhanced capacity to build interdisciplinary international collaborations. The successful elucidation of how sleep neurons form will have implications for understanding scenarios when sleep is disturbed, such as jet-lag and in shift workers, or in situations where sleep is abnormal, such as in patients with narcolepsy (these patients specifically lack these sleep neurons). These are all important issues for Australians, underlining the importance of our research program.

ARC National Competitive Grants · FY 2022 · 2022-01

Digital Transaction Platforms in Asia. This project seeks to provide a comprehensive and authoritative account of the rapid shift towards digital payments in Asian economies. The study examines the technical and commercial organisation of the leading Asian transaction platforms. Our approach seeks to emphasise the significance of cultural diversity in Asian markets through detailed studies of everyday norms and practices in India , Indonesia, China, Japan, Malaysia, Singapore, Vietnam and the Philippines. A large scale analysis of market and user data seeks to illustrate key trends at scale and provide a regional knowledge base for assessing the implications for Australia, fostering multilateral collaboration and developing robust policy recommendations on the digital economy. Field of research: 2001 - Communication and Media Studies The shift towards cashless payments has been central to the expansion of the digital economy and the growing influence of technology companies across the world. Asia, and China in particular, has been at the forefront of the switchover to digitally transactions. This transformation has been taking place across the entire region and is accelerating under the conditions of the pandemic. The rise of digital transaction platforms in Asia is highly significant for Australia, because these platforms are central to the economic development agendas of key trading partners, and because these platforms operate across national borders. This project aims to provide a robust account of digital transactions in Asia. Access to this knowledge will be of national benefit in trade as we seek to develop domestic policy and bilateral partnerships in Asia, notably in Fintech, social development, and governance. This project will also constitute an Australian presence in empowering local communities, delivering social benefits and developing norms for financial inclusion in the region.

ARC National Competitive Grants · FY 2022 · 2022-01

Some like it hot: invasive species, hybridisation, and a warming world. Temperatures are rising and invasive species are becoming more prevalent. This project aims to understand how climate change and hybridisation between exotic and native marine species leads to rapid adaptation. Using integrative approaches from genomics and physiology and focusing on Australian blue mussels, this proposal will test leading hypotheses about how climate change and hybridisation can enable rapid adaptation and the spread of exotic species. Outcomes will include strategies for minimising impacts of invasive mussels and boosting warm-temperature adaptation in aquaculture mussels and restored shellfish reefs. This project will yield fundamental insights into how marine species can quickly adapt to warming seas. Field of research: 0604 - Genetics Marine invasive species and warming temperatures threaten Australia’s biodiversity and aquaculture food sources. This research contributes to Australia’s national interests, aligning to research priorities for environmental change and food. It will enhance accuracy in predicting impacts of environmental change through new integrated knowledge of the genomics and physiology of invasive species, enabling predictions of how climate change affects exotic species spread. It will also provide new options for responding and adapting to environmental change: by mapping an invasive mussel’s distribution on Australia’s coasts and hybridisation with a native mussel species, we may identify new strategies to mitigate exotic species based on natural barriers to dispersal and hybridisation. Finally, this research will aid sustainable aquaculture production through improved broodstock selection by propagating the native species and selecting for increased thermal tolerance, thus matching the genetic composition of aquaculture and restored shellfish reef mussels to present and emerging conditions.

ARC National Competitive Grants · FY 2022 · 2022-01

Targeting TGF-beta proteins to control animal reproduction. This project aims to develop a suite of novel biologics to control fertility in female mammals. This project expects to demonstrate that targeting a single class of ovarian proteins will enhance or inhibit egg production. The expected outcomes of this project are to (1) transform the breeding of livestock animals, which should provide significant benefits to the agricultural industry, through increased herd/flock sizes, and (2) provide a non-surgical method of contraception in companion/feral species, which should address the large unmet need for fertility control in these animals. Field of research: 0702 - Animal Production There is an unmet need to better control animal reproduction. On the one hand, it is imperative that more efficient reproductive strategies are developed to increase herd/flock size in livestock animals, while, on the other hand, new means for fertility control in companion/feral animals are required. This project aims to develop a completely novel suite of patentable reagents to meet these diverse reproductive goals. Improving fertility in sheep and cows will advance the National Science and Research Priority of enhanced capacity in food production and ensure the livestock industry maintains its central role in powering the Australian economy. Conversely, developing a permanent, non-surgical method of contraception for companion and free-roaming animals will improve animal welfare and, potentially, help protect our native fauna.

ARC National Competitive Grants · FY 2022 · 2022-01

Historical frontier violence: drivers, legacy and the role of truth-telling. This project aims to build data to identify the historical factors that incited frontier violence; quantify the legacy on communities today and conduct fieldwork to understand how historical trauma is transmitted across generations. This project expects to develop new knowledge on the circumstances and legacy of settlement and the origins of gaps in life prospects between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians. Our expectation is that this will increase public acceptance of the circumstances of settlement and the need to make amends. This project should help increase public support for truth-telling and better relations between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians, a vital step towards reconciliation and healing the nation. Field of research: 1402 - Applied Economics This project will build new knowledge about the circumstances of settlement, the impacts that frontier violence continues to have today and the role of truth-telling in healing. By engaging the public in the research through a project website, a data visualisation tool and other plain language dissemination material, this project aims to educate the public about the legacy of frontier violence on Indigenous communities today and motivate the need for truth-telling. In meeting this aim, this project will help progress Indigenous peoples’ hope for Makarrata, a Yolngu word for coming together and facing the wrongs of the past, as expressed in the 2017 Uluru Statement from the Heart, and will help build stronger and more respectful relationships between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians. In progressing relations, this study promises to support current efforts to progress reconciliation and promote a more collaborative and community-wide effort to close the gap in life prospects between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians.

ARC National Competitive Grants · FY 2022 · 2022-01

Light-driven biocatalytic cell factories. This project aims to develop single-cell algae optimised for high-efficiency green hydrogen production from cheap, sustainable resources - sunlight and water. The success of this project would be a game changer for industry by dramatically improving light to fuel conversion efficiencies. The expected high-efficiency cells would be a valuable resource for a wide range of other light-driven advanced bio-manufacture applications from high-value biopharmaceuticals (e.g. <10 Hectare scale) through to renewable fuels (e.g. 10-1000 Hectare regional scale). The benefits would include advanced green chemical and biochemical manufacturing, diversified sources for green H2 production, regional development, industry growth, job security and exports. Field of research: 1003 - Industrial Biotechnology This project directly contributes to the national interest by delivering economic, commercial, environmental and social benefits to the Australian community. Economic and commercial interests are directly addressed through the development of commercially valuable algae-based cell lines and systems to produce new high-value molecules, fine chemicals and fuels, all with potential to generate patents and commercial outcomes. It addresses industry needs by coupling Australia’s natural advantage to expand international partnerships and investment (e.g., into Asia), and thus boosts Australian industry's competitive capacity. This project also directly contributes to Australia's environmental interests by developing solar biotechnology industry platforms to deliver cleaner greener chemistry. With this scope the project also delivers social benefits by placing Australia’s research at the international forefront to attract investment, improve training, create high value jobs by enhancing global reputation and providing access to better resources and supporting regional development.

ARC National Competitive Grants · FY 2022 · 2022-01

A Space Odyssey: Exploring the Universe with Gravitational-Wave Sirens. How fast is the Universe expanding? This project aims to produce the most precise measurement to date of the present day expansion rate of the Universe using gravitational waves and thus resolve current tensions plaguing existing measurements. We plan to develop the most comprehensive catalogue of gravitational waves and their hosts using the largest galaxy surveys in the world and use innovative statistical techniques to extract cosmological measurements from them. Expected outcomes include new knowledge of what the Universe is made of and how it has evolved, and enhanced international collaboration between Australia and other survey member countries. Anticipated benefits include new software and methods for the analysis of big data. Field of research: 0201 - Astronomical and Space Sciences The expansion rate of the Universe is the key parameter under-pining our understanding of the cosmos. This project will obtain new measurements of this that could hence radically change our understanding of the Universe. It will significantly boost Australia’s international recognition and influence in fundamental science and create new techniques for statistical analysis, supercomputing and data mining of big data. Economic benefits are expected to flow from applying these techniques in other fields and industries. This project will seed new technologies by tying into the development of future Australian facilities such as the Square Kilometer Array, a billion-dollar multinational radio telescope facility being constructed in Western Australia, and gravitational wave detectors, increasing their cost effectiveness and Australia’s return on investment. This project will inspire the next generation of Australians in STEM-related subjects, provide training in innovative solutions to programming, problem solving and data analysis and prepare them for success in a range of commercial industries.

ARC National Competitive Grants · FY 2022 · 2022-01

An active ion transport pathway exploited by coronaviruses. Cells have active transport “pumps” that are regulators of a variety of cellular processes. This project aims to understand how a specific ion pump is exploited by coronaviruses when they infect animal cells. These studies will provide new mechanistic insights into how coronaviruses alter calcium signalling in cells and how a specific ion pump regulates a variety of key processes during coronavirus infection. This work will greatly enhance our understanding of the intersection between ion pumps and viruses. Field of research: 0601 - Biochemistry and Cell Biology Coronaviruses are a risk to livestock (e.g. pigs and chickens) and human health. A better understanding of key host events during viral infection will inform the future development of animals less susceptible to future pandemics and/or the design of agents that can be administered to reduce transmission in livestock which would protect the economy. Environmental changes brought about by climate change, deforestation and urban expansion are increasing the threat of new zoonotic coronaviruses. Australia stopping these global changes is unlikely due to pandemics starting anywhere in the world and due to virus diversity. This project focuses on understanding the fundamental biology of the intersection between events in the host and coronaviruses. This new knowledge can then be used to reduce the impact of zoonotic coronaviruses by protecting the host. This project will consolidate leadership knowledge in the advanced use of genetically encoded calcium sensors, particularly in the context of equipment used for high throughput screening which will benefit Australian pharmaceutical and biotech industries.

ARC National Competitive Grants · FY 2022 · 2022-01

Advancing Analytical Query Processing with Urban Trajectory Data. This project aims to provide accurate, rapid, and comprehensive information to analyze transport and related infrastructure use in real time. This project expects to develop innovative solutions by exploiting massive urban trajectory data derived from public transport usage, route mapping, GPS tracking and road-side sensors. Expected outcomes include a new algorithmic framework to support complex trajectory-driven analytical tasks in public transport network planning, traffic congestion prevention, and facility deployment. This should significantly benefit both government and industry in data-driven decision makings and evaluations on the impact of decisions made, and ultimately materialize Australian government’s Smart Cities Plan. Field of research: 0806 - Information Systems This project will provide government and businesses with the ability to use the massive transportation-based data collections, such as vehicle movement and public transport records, to solve urban planning problems more effectively. This improves data-driven policy and decision making and provides low cost, reliable, resilient and efficient business store site selection, transportation planning and management. Additionally, this will improve the ability of transportation specialists to continuously evaluate the impact of the decisions made and make changes in real time. Finally, the project provides essential new skill training for professionals working in the transportation sector. These outcomes will help keep Australia cities among the world's most liveable as they continue to grow over the next decade.

ARC National Competitive Grants · FY 2022 · 2022-01

Incorporating the gains from healthy ageing in health system planning. This project aims to develop evidence-based fit-for-purpose economic models for planning future capacity for public health programmes by developing new methodological approaches incorporating dynamic changes in health and health risks over time. The project expects to generate new knowledge on the impact of improvements in physical and mental well-being on funding and capacity requirements for public programmes to meet tomorrow’s needs for care instead of projecting yesterday’s use of care. Expected outcomes include new economic models responsive to changes in population characteristics, conditions and contexts. The proposed research should provide significant benefits through improving efficiency of public investments in health. Field of research: 1402 - Applied Economics This project aims to develop evidence-based fit-for-purpose economic models for planning future capacity for public health programmes. This will be achieved through developing new methodological approaches incorporating dynamic changes in health and health risks over time. The project expects to generate new knowledge on the impact of improvements in physical and mental well-being on reducing the cost of healthcare. Additional benefits include estimating capacity requirements for public programmes based on tomorrow’s needs for care instead of projecting yesterday’s use of care. Expected outcomes include new economic models responsive to changes in population characteristics, conditions and contexts. The proposed research should provide significant economic benefits through improving efficiency of public investments in health.

ARC National Competitive Grants · FY 2022 · 2022-01

Novel disinfection to combat antibiotic resistance . Control of antimicrobial resistance in water is critical. Disinfection in water and wastewater treatment plants is a vital barrier against antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB); however, it is less effective in controlling- and may even facilitate the spread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). This project aims to comprehensively investigate the effectiveness of widely-used disinfection processes in controlling ARB/ARGs, determine the underlying mechanisms, and identify optimal treatment conditions. This project also aims to develop a novel, cost-effective and environmentally friendly disinfection process for efficient ARGs destruction, thus significantly strengthening Australia’s capacity to prevent the spread of antibiotic resistance. Field of research: 0904 - Chemical Engineering The presence of antibiotic resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes in wastewater, reclaimed water, and drinking water poses a serious risk to public- and environmental health. Disinfection processes are designed to remove pathogens, and will also partially remove antibiotic resistant bacteria from water. However, emerging evidence shows that widely-used disinfection processes do not effectively destroy antibiotic resistance genes, and may in fact promote the spread of antibiotic resistance. Through comprehensive experimental studies, this project will determine the fate of antibiotic resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes during disinfection, and the underlying mechanisms. We will develop a novel and environmentally friendly disinfection process for efficient destruction of antibiotic resistance genes. This project will provide significant support to water utilities in the endeavour to control the spread of antibiotic resistance in urban water systems and linked environments. The project will return significant social, economic and environmental benefits to Australia and the world.

ARC National Competitive Grants · FY 2022 · 2022-01

The psychology of gridlock: Compromise, coalitions, and radicalisation. This project aims to test an innovative psychological model of collective gridlock. Using interviews, surveys, experiments, small group research, and analysis of social media data, the project aims to examine critical pathways in gridlock psychology, where opponents are locked into mutually suboptimal outcomes, unable to move forward. These pathways include the exit or self-censorship of moderates; normative pressure towards purity and refusal to compromise; tactical choices to avoid coalitions; and radicalisation. The research aims to develop novel interventions to reduce polarisation and radicalisation, and to promote compromises, which together will help society respond more nimbly and effectively to social and environmental challenges. Field of research: 1701 - Psychology Australian governments, firms, non-governmental organisations, and councils are often plagued by instances of gridlock - situations in which opponents mutually recognise that their current state is sub-optimal, and yet remain locked into stalemates of mutual recrimination and hostility, without positive change. Intractable problems at the national level have multiple causes. However, the psychological level variables studied here (individual attitudes of moral conviction and hostility, and social norms for group purity and fixed, unchanging tactics) are contributing processes that can block progress even when technical solutions permit positive change. Critically, recent theoretical advances in intergroup social psychology may allow us to unravel these processes. The present research tests the robustness of a new theoretical model explaining psychological gridlock, and develops interventions for overcoming it.

ARC National Competitive Grants · FY 2022 · 2022-01

About time: Climate change adaptation in Australian industries. This project aims to assist the most vulnerable industries in Australia as they adapt to climate change. By investigating the interplay between industry practices and climate impacts, the project proposes to develop a theoretical conceptualization of time. This is significant in addressing the temporal tension between financial short-termism and future climate commitments. The expected outcomes include advancing the scholarly discussion of time and the creation of a practical tool in the form of digital stories that will make sustainable futures actionable. This benefits Australian industries by strengthening their capacity to meet the future challenges of climate change. Field of research: 1503 - Business and Management This project will strengthen the capacity of Australian industries to respond to the economic and social challenges of climate change. In collaboration with some of Australia’s most important sectors – agriculture, building and construction, mining, and tourism – this project will identify industry best practice in climate adaptation. By developing tools to understand the interplay between climate impacts and adaptation practices, the project will generate future scenarios to assist in recognising risks but also opportunities for Australian business. The project supports Australia’s Science and Research Priority of Environmental Change by directly addressing the Practical Challenge of improving our ability to anticipate and adapt to the impacts of environmental change. The knowledge developed in this project will have broad applicability across the economy by translating industry best practice to business, government and local communities, generating improved economic, social and environmental resilience.

ARC National Competitive Grants · FY 2022 · 2022-01

Regulation of activity-induced glutamate receptor trafficking in neurons. Neurons communicate via synapses, where chemicals (such as glutamate) are released to transmit neuronal signals. This proposal is aimed at understanding the molecular mechanisms of neuronal communication and adaptive plasticity, which are essential for normal brain function. The proposed research will combine biophysical, biochemical, molecular and cell biological assays to elucidate the role of a calcium binding protein in controlling glutamate receptor trafficking in neurons. The outcomes will enhance our understanding of how neural plasticity is generated and maintained, knowledge that is critical for our understanding of cellular correlates of information, sensory and motor processing, as well as learning, memory and cognition. Field of research: 0601 - Biochemistry and Cell Biology Understanding how learning and memory are regulated in the brain, from the molecular to system level is the major goal of modern neuroscience. This proposal will address fundamental biological questions in cellular neuroscience to understand how key receptors are targeted to the neuronal membrane and synapses to maintain neuronal communication and normal brain function. This basic research project is expected to fill a large gap in our understanding of the previously unexplored roles for a neuronal specific calcium and lipid binding protein in controlling neuronal trafficking. The findings will build research capacity and have the potential to identify cellular targets for enhancing cognitive performance, which may lead to substantial health and economic benefits for Australians. The ability to enhance learning and memory has major implications throughout life, as deficits can lead to poor educational outcomes, reduced productivity and social isolation. Moreover, this project will further strengthen Australia’s research capacity through international collaboration and the training of early career scientists.

ARC National Competitive Grants · FY 2022 · 2022-01

The mechanistic basis of tropism in an insecticidal pore-forming toxin . This project aims to answer a fundamental question regarding the mechanism of a recently discovered family of insecticidal protein complexes - how do these pore-forming proteins recognise and target specific hosts? The project will use an innovative, cross-disciplinary approach to determine the mechanisms of cellular recognition and uptake on a molecular scale. These outcomes have the potential to influence the use of ABC toxins in many areas of biotechnology, delivering benefits including the development of new bioinsecticides for pest control and crop protection as well as in the development of bespoke protein delivery devices which may find use in biotechnological and therapeutic applications. Field of research: 0601 - Biochemistry and Cell Biology ABC toxins have strong, demonstrated potential to be deployed as next generation biopesticides that overcome problems associated with resistance to existing pest control measures. Successful development and deployment of new pest control strategies based on ABC toxins will ultimately be of benefit in addressing threats to food and infrastructure security posed by insect pests, as well as threats to human health posed by some insect-borne diseases. Despite this proven capability, the next phase in developing and understanding the potential of this technology requires a number of significant questions to be answered, which are addressed in this proposal. Specifically, how do ABC toxins recognise and distinguish susceptible insects from non-susceptible ones, and how are ABC toxins taken up by cells? Thus, the proposal represents an absolutely crucial step in the process of developing ABC toxins to a point where the technology will appeal to industry and other co-investment partners. Australia has the potential to benefit economically, environmentally and commercially from these outcomes.

ARC National Competitive Grants · FY 2022 · 2022-01

Realistic assessment of biomarker transformation in the wastewater system. Wastewater-based epidemiology is an internationally recognised cost-effective tool to monitor population exposure to chemicals and infectious diseases including Covid-19. However, in-sewer degradation of critical biomarkers can limit their wastewater-based epidemiology suitability. This project aims to systematically evaluate the stability of a new suite of potential biomarkers and conduct the first Australia-wide assessment on the impact of biomarker stability on wastewater-based epidemiology estimates using wastewater samples from ~65% of the Australian population. The project expects to generate knowledge to expand the application of wastewater-based epidemiology to reliably quantify exposure and status of well-being even in remote areas Field of research: 0502 - Environmental Science and Management The federal government’s National Wastewater Drug Monitoring Program based on the wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) approach has provided important intelligence for several institutions in Australia. WBE is a tool which provides objective, near-real time data on population chemical exposures, health, wellbeing, and was recently adapted for detecting COVID-19 outbreaks in Australia. WBE however relies on biomarkers meeting a range of criteria. Of utmost importance is the stability in sewers. As such extending applications of WBE for novel biomarkers in Australian communities requires research on their stability. Using unique, state-of-the-art facilities at UQ, this project expects to provide essential information to improve both the scope and reliability of WBE. This will allow the tool to provide cost effective mapping of novel biomarkers across Australia to identify emerging threats to communities including toxic chemicals, infectious diseases and other emerging risks. This information is critical for regulators and policy advisors to formulate timely actions and interventions.

ARC National Competitive Grants · FY 2022 · 2022-01

Revealing the mechanobiology of neural tube formation. This project aims to understand the formation of the neural tube; a fundamental tissue structure that generates the brain and the spinal cord. Using interdisciplinary approaches and exploiting recent advances in transgenic and imaging technologies, we expect to reveal the complex interplay between cells and their environment that generates mechanical forces to direct neural tissue formation. Outcomes include knowledge of previously intractable developmental processes, training of future scientists and development of international collaborations. This should provide enhanced imaging capacity, a higher quality scientific workforce and position Australia at the forefront of cell and developmental biology. Field of research: 0601 - Biochemistry and Cell Biology This project will strengthen Australia’s capacity to generate innovative and internationally competitive research through multiple avenues. It contributes to development and innovation of Australian-based imaging technology and cell and developmental biology. It will ensure future Australian scientists are trained at a globally competitive level in quantitative imaging and image analysis techniques. The work will elevate the transgenic quail as a tractable model for research and industry applications. Transgenic quails are a patented Australian innovation and their use provides a competitive advantage and commercial benefit to Australia. The research will drive our understanding of how cells interact with their environment to form the foundations of the nervous system. It will also reveal how mechanical forces are integrated at a cellular and tissue level with morphological processes common to many biological contexts beyond development. This knowledge will be valuable for work across biological fields and also future industry-related applications such as tissue engineering and cell replacement approaches.

ARC National Competitive Grants · FY 2022 · 2022-01

Genetic architecture and evolution of complex traits across populations. Most human traits have a genetic component and display substantial diversity within and among populations. How natural selection changes and maintains genetic variation in human traits is a long-standing question in evolution that the proposed project aims to answer. Using innovative statistical methods and largest genomic “big” datasets ever across populations of different ancestral backgrounds, this project expects to generate new knowledge on the roles of natural selection in shaping the genetic variation in traits and identify key factors that drive the differentiation of human populations. These outcomes will significantly improve our understanding on the evolution of human traits and adaptation of populations to changing environments. Field of research: 0604 - Genetics Understanding trait evolution and population adaptation has a profound impact on Australia’s ecology, agriculture, science and public health. This research will generate new knowledge on the mechanisms by which the genetic differences between individuals are preserved and populations adapt to new environments. The knowledge and methodology produced by this project inform the management of Australia’s biodiversity in the context of climate change. The improved method for trait prediction, from a better understanding of trait evolution, will benefit Australia’s agriculture by helping to select the best animals and plants for breeding. Since Australia has a great diversity in their ancestral origins, ultimately this research may also benefit public health by better understanding the genetic differences between individuals and between ethnicities in common disorders and their risk factors. Other benefits include training scientists with bioinformatics skillset, which is in demand in Australian industry, and the distribution of software tools available to Australian researchers in academia and industry.

ARC National Competitive Grants · FY 2022 · 2022-01

YhcB, a crucial player in the control of bacterial cell envelope biogenesis. All life depends on a cell envelope to enclose the chemical reactions that make life possible. But how do cell envelopes grow? How each component of the cell envelope is incorporated into the envelope at the right amount and in the right time to prevent cell death, has been a longstanding question in bacteriology. Using a unique combination of high through put genetic screens and biochemical approaches, this project will characterise a key regulator of cell envelope growth in Gram-negative bacteria. Knowledge arising from this research will provide insight into a fundamental process in bacteria, will develop new technology to probe protein interactions, and will provide novel avenues to solve infection in plants, humans and animals. Field of research: 0605 - Microbiology Cell envelopes define life. For bacteria they are essential for survival. Understanding how they are made has applications in biotechnology and the future development of medicines. We have identified the first protein to coordinate all aspects of cell envelope growth in bacteria. Inhibiting the function of this regulator ultimately leads to cell death. This project will use a unique combination of high throughput genetic screens and biochemical approaches to characterise this regulator at a molecular level. Insights from the proposed work will lead to improved treatments of bacterial infections, thereby protecting Australian livestock, crops and Australians; contributing to greater economic prosperity. Other benefits include the development of new technology such as increased production of lipids and proteins that are important for Australia’s industrial and biotech sectors. The project outcomes will eventually lead to increased employment for Australians, ensure sovereign capability through training the next generation of scientists, and showcase Australia’s research excellence globally.

ARC National Competitive Grants · FY 2022 · 2022-01

Regulated muscle-based thermogenesis for body temperature regulation. Mammals maintain a constant core body temperature by generating heat in resting muscles in response to changes in the environmental temperatures. This project aims to show how the skeletal muscles that are closer to the body core contribute the majority of heat, how the muscles of the limbs have their heat generation curtailed as necessary, and how this is coordinated by the body in response to ambient temperature. Project outcomes include defining, for the first time, how heat generation in the muscles of the body is regulated. This should provide critical knowledge of mammalian evolution and ways to manipulate metabolism, which may provide ways to assist the production of meat by managing hypothermia and hyperthermia risk in agriculture. Field of research: 0606 - Physiology This is a fundamental biology project that will have economic and cultural impact. All mammals maintain core body temperature within certain limits for the continuing function of vital internal organs. This project will provide insight into how mammals achieve internal regulation of body temperature. There will be multiple benefits to Australia. The results will provide the basis for new ways to manipulate metabolism in livestock, especially under very high or low ambient temperatures. Manipulation of animal metabolism will directly affect meat quality, providing economic benefit. This includes death of livestock due to exposure to extremes being reduced. Further, the basic knowledge to be gained in this project will assist in ways to improve quality of life in Australia's ageing population. The reduction of muscle mass in the elderly affects the capacity to maintain body temperature against the cold. The project may identify approaches that may have future benefits for helping Australia’s ageing population to maintain body temperature.

ARC National Competitive Grants · FY 2022 · 2022-01

Rapid evolution, and the dynamics and stability of ecological communities. Population sizes of species go up and down and often we do not know why. This is a problem because changes in population size underpin more complex ecological change, and understanding why population sizes change affects our ability to manage environmental impacts, and threatened, harvested and pest species. The aim of this project is to discover how rapid evolution – evolution occurring over just a few generations – drives changes in population sizes of plants in Australian freshwater ecosystems. By focusing on this fundamental yet poorly understood process, our results promise to rewrite our understanding of the causes of change in ecological communities, while highlighting a unique and little studied component of Australia’s biota. Field of research: 0602 - Ecology Our ability to manage Australia’s environment relies on understanding the causes of change in the population sizes of species. Most studies on the causes of these changes ignore the ability of species to rapidly evolve. This project will improve our understanding of the circumstances under which rapid evolution is important for driving changes in population sizes, and resisting the impacts of environmental change. This knowledge will improve Australia’s ability to incorporate the effects of rapid evolution into the prediction and management of environmental change – a national research priority. This project will also generate new understanding about the biology of a poorly understood component of the Australian biota – subtropical freshwater plant communities. These plants are ecologically and economically important, and we will develop these plants into a powerful new system for understanding the drivers of ecological change. This project will expose national and international audiences to our unique Australian flora, while consolidating Australia’s reputation for discovery in the biological sciences.